THE CLASSICAL AND DECORATIVE ARTS OF THE ISLAMIC WORLD Essay

THE CLASSICAL AND DECORATIVE ARTS OF THE ISLAMIC WORLD - Essay Example Muslims have ruled in different parts of the world beginning from 622 A.D. till the fall of the Ottoman Empire in the 1920s. During this long period of rule, Islamic art has gone through various changes rising and falling with the rise and fall of the different empires. Islam is a liberal religion and likewise it allows freedom to its followers within the limits of religion. Keeping this in mind the Islamic art has flourished in different periods and has been able to prove its identity in all aspects. However there has been a controversy regarding the use of figures in Islamic art and architecture. In this paper I would like to review the history of figural representation in Islamic art. Later I would like to comment on the use of figures in art and architecture from the Islamic point of view. The first examples of Islamic art appear in the period of the Caliph Umer where the amalgamation of classical and Iranian motifs and themes became prominent. The Dome of the rock in Jerusalem is a prominent example in this regard. The Dome reflects an amalgamation of the Greco-Roman, Byzantine and the Sasanian art. Islamic art emerged during the period of the Caliph Umer (661-750). This period is often considered as the formative period in the history of Islamic art (The Nature of Islamic Art, n.d.). Figural imagery was found in the Umayad palaces of the inland Levant such as Mushatta and the Khirbat al Mafjar (Allen, 1988). With the spread of Islam in different parts of the world, Islamic art continued to flourish under different influences. Despite the fact that Islamic art came under different changes due to different influences in different periods, the unique thing about it is that it has been able to maintain its individuality and identity. The most salient features of Islamic art are Calligraphy is regarded as the highest form of Islamic art. It is the art of writing Quranic verses in different

Employment Law and Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employment Law and Policy - Essay Example First, when they went to meet with Ms. Young, they should have waited for the next meeting time as she did not deny addressing their issues. They began their journey to the headquarters. Second, while investigating the matters highlighted by the three nurses, Custer did not observe the similar discontent from the department heads that was portrayed by the three nurses; rather, the department heads supported Ms. Young. Third, the department heads informed about their reservations over the unprofessional conduct and behavior of the three nurses. Fourth, the Ms. Young also complained about the improper and lack of cooperation from the three nurses. Subsequent to that, when Custer asked each person at the meeting for the names of the people he or she thought responsible for the tension at the Heartland facility, a considerable number of counts highlighted the major involvement of the three nurses. More importantly, when in March, the HR Director Custer was announcing his decisions resolv ing the issue; defiance and resistance to change was personally felt by the Director that was largely contributed by the three nurses. In almost every organization, a code of conduct is established and the employees are required to support and follow the requirements of it. Mostly, a number of organizations emphasize its enforcement so that the smooth functioning of the organization must remain active and continue. However, the conduct of the three nurses did not respect the established code of conduct; rather, they went against it.  ... However, the conduct of the three nurses did not respect the established code of conduct; rather, they went against it. And, the subsequent investigation proved and necessitated the employment termination of the three nurses. Impasses, Strikes, and Dispute Resolution The Mackay doctrine permits employers to hire permanent replacement workers for strikers (Hatton, 2011, p. 97). However, the United States also maintains that its laws guarantee the right of association and the right to strike and that the ‘Mackay doctrine’ must not violate the right to strike (Compa & Diamond, 1996, p.35). The inverse seniority step violates the sanctity of the Section 8(a) (1) of the NLRA. This Section maintains that any attempt by the employers shall be deemed as an unfair labor practice that interfere with, coerce or restrain employees in the exercise of their rights to join or assist labor organizations, or not to assist or join labor organizations. The inverse seniority option offered by the Child Care Services Inc. (CCSI) represents a clear act of interfering in the employee rights to assist or perform labor organization related activities and the inverse seniority would bring the replacements first for the most senior members; and, in the very first attempt of replacement, the main union members of the American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) would be replaced in the case of strike; this action directly breaches the workers’ rights and puts additional pressure on them so that they should avoid exercising their legal rights for obtaining their objectives. On the other hand, Mackay doctrine permits the employers to hire replacement workers in the

History Of Music An Overview

History Of Music An Overview The definition of music is defined in many ways; Websters definition is as follows an art of sound in time that expresses ideas and emotions in significant forms through the elements of rhythm, melody, or harmony. There are many theories regarding when and where music formed. Many agree that music began even before man existed. Researchers point out that there are six periods of music and each period has a certain style of music that made what music is today. Here are some resources for you to better understand the history of music. (Estrella 2001) Music is traced back as far as ancient Israel a thousand years before Christ; King David composed and sang hundreds of songs called psalms. A few of them are written in the old testament in the book of Psalms. But music as we know it now, as having structure and form, may have begun in the 10th century with the Gregorian chants. These songs were organized and detailed with soloists and small groups singing distinctive parts. The music we are more in common with began around the year 1200 and soon after, troubadours singing folk music starting to appear in parts of Europe. The appearance of composers, made music, and the creation of the instruments such as the piano and lute. (Ezine Articles 2005) The years 1750 to 1820 is known as the Classical period with the piano being a composers instrument of choice. Mozart wrote his first symphony, Bach performed in London, and Beethoven was finally born. Many of the symphonies we enjoy today were written during this time. Music has truly evolved since this period though. In 1900, a man named Scott Joplin had composed and published the Maple Leaf Rag, an event many see as the beginnings of the music we know today as popular music. Soon after, new musical forms were taking hold. Jazz in the 1930s (Louis Armstrong, Billie Holiday), big band music in the 1940s (Tommy Dorsey, Duke Ellington), and rock-and-roll (Elvis Presley, Chuck Barry) in the 1950s. Other countries (most notably France and Spain) were creating their own popular music during this time. (Ezine 2005) The three time periods I want to focus on is Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Romantic, and Contemporary. This is all known to us to day as Opera, RB, Rock, Hip Hop, Soul, etc. Music has been around for years and can be broken down into many stages or cycles. People everywhere all over the world make their own style of music. Every genre, sound, melody is different in some way. When we look at the medieval music, we are dealing with the longest and most distant period of musical history. Saint Gregory is credited with organizing the huge repertory of chant that developed during the first centuries of the Christian church, hence the term Gregorian chant. He was pope from 590 to 604, and the medieval era continued into the 1400s, so this period consists of music. One of the principal difficulties in studying medieval music is that a system for notating music developed only gradually. The first examples of musical notation date from around 900. For several centuries, notation only indicated what pitch to sing. The system for notating rhythm started in the 12th or 13th century. Gregorian chant is monophonic, meaning music that consists of only one melodic line without accompaniment. The beauty of chant lies in the serene, undulating shapes of its melody. We do not know who wrote the melodies of Gregorian chant. Like folk melodies, the music probably mutated as it was passed down through generations and eventually reached its notated form. Polyphony, music where two or more melodic lines are heard simultaneously, did not exist (or was not notated) until the 11th century. Unlike chant, polyphony required the participation of a composer to combine the melodic lines in a pleasing manner. Although most medieval polyphonic music is anonymousthe names of the composers were either lost or never written down at allthere are composers whose work was so important that their names were preserved along with their music. (Ezine 2005) Renaissance is reflected by the changing role of the composer in society. Unlike most of their medieval times, the great masters of the Renaissance were created in their own lifetimes. The technique of printing music, while slow to evolve, helped in the preservation and distribution of music and musical ideas. Sacred music was still predominant, though other music became more prevalent and more sophisticated. The repertory of instrumental music also began to expand significantly. New instruments were invented, including the clavichord and virginal and many existing instruments were improved. Masses and motets were the primary forms of sacred vocal polyphony. Other vocal forms included motets, madrigals and songs (generally accompanied by lute or a small instrumental ensemble or consort). Instrumental pieces were usually short polyphonic works or music for dancing. (Ezine 2005) Compared with the medieval style, Renaissance polyphony was lush and sonorous. The era between Josquin Desprez and Palestrina is known as the golden age of polyphony. Imitationwhere one melodic line shares, or imitates the same musical theme as a previous melodic linebecame an important polyphonic technique. Imitation was one method composers used to make complex music more easily comprehensible and give the listener a sense of structure. Imitative polyphony can be heard in the masses and motets of composers from Josquin onward and is featured in instrumental music by Byrd, Gibbons, and the Gabriellis. Baroque music is often highly ornate, colorful and richly textured when compared with its predecessors. Opera was born at what is considered to be the very beginning of the Baroque era, around 1600. This unique form combines poetry, theater, the visual arts and music. It came about because a group of Italian intellectuals wanted to recapture the spirit of ancient Greek drama in which music played a key role. The first great opera was Orfeo, by Claudio Monteverdi, first performed in 1607. Musics ability to express human emotions and depict natural phenomenon was explored throughout the Baroque period. Vivaldis famous set of concertos, The Four Seasons, is a famous example. Although imitative polyphony remained fundamental to musical composition, homophonic writing became increasingly important. Homophonic music features a clear distinction between the melody line and a subsidiary accompaniment part. This style was important in opera and other solo vocal music because it focused the li steners attention on the expressive melody of the singer. The homophonic style gradually became prevalent in instrumental music as well. (Ezine 2005) Many Baroque works include a continuo part in which a keyboard (harpsichord or organ) and bass instrument (cello or bassoon) provide the harmonic underpinning of chords that accompanies the melodic line. New polyphonic forms were developed, and as in the Renaissance, composers considered the art of counterpoint (the crafting of polyphony) to be essential to their art. Canons and fugues, two very strict forms of imitative polyphony, were extremely popular. Composers were even expected to be able to improvise complex fugues on a moments notice to prove their skill. The orchestra evolved during the early Baroque, starting as an accompanist for operatic and vocal music. By the mid-1600s the orchestra had a life of its own. The concerto was a favorite Baroque form that featured a solo instrumentalist (or small ensemble of soloists) playing against the orchestra, creating interesting contrasts of volume and texture. Many Baroque composers were also virtuoso performers. For example, Archang elo Corelli was famous for his violin playing and Johann Sebastian Bach was famous for his keyboard skills. The highly ornamented quality of Baroque melody lent itself perfectly to such displays of musical dexterity. (Grieg 2002) The word Classical has strong meaning, mixed with the art and Philosophy of Ancient Greece and Rome, along with their ideals of disciplined expression. The late Braque was complex and melodically different. The composers of the early Classical period changed direction, writing music that was much simpler to understand. Homophony music, another part of classical music in which melody and charm are distinct, and has dominated the Classical style is another form of classical music. New forms of composition were developed to accommodate the transformation. Santana Form is the most important of these forms, and one that continued to evolve throughout the Classical period. Although Baroque composers also wrote pieces called sonatas, the Classical sonata was different. The essence of the Classical Sonata is difficult to understand. A highly simplified example of such a conflict might be between two themes of contrasting character. (Grieg 2002) This contrast would be found during the course of the sonata, and then resolved. Sonata form allowed composers to give pure instrumental music recognizable dramatic shape. Every major form of the Classical era, including the string quartet, symphony and concerto was molded on the dramatic structure of the sonata. One of the most important developments of the Classical period is the growth of the public concert. Although the aristocracy would continue to play a significant role in musical life, it was now possible for composers to survive without being the employee of one person or family. This also meant that concerts were no longer limited to palace drawing rooms. Composers organized concerts featuring their own music, and attracted large audiences. The increasing popularity of the public concert had a strong impact on the growth of the orchestra. Although chamber music and solo works were played in the home or other intimate settings, orchestral concerts seemed to be naturally designed for big public spaces. As a result, symphonic music composers gradually expanded the size of the orchestra to accommodate this expanded musical vision. (Grieg 2002) Just as the word Classical conjures up certain images, Romantic music also does the same. Whether we think of those romance novels with the Romanticism implies fantasy and sensuality. The Classical period focused on emotional restraint. Classical music was expressive, but not so passionate that it could overwhelm the work Beethoven, who was in some ways responsible for igniting the flame of romanticism, always struggled (sometimes unsuccessfully) to maintain that balance. (Greig 2002) Many composers of the Romantic period followed Beethovens model and found their own balance between emotional intensity and Classical form. Others reveled in the new atmosphere of artistic freedom and created music whose structure was designed to support its emotional surges. Musical story-telling became important, and not just in opera, but in pure instrumental music as well. The tone-poem is a particularly Romantic invention, as it was an orchestral work whose structure was entirely dependent on the scene being depicted or the story being told. Color was another important feature of Romantic music. A large palette of musical colors was necessary to depict the exotic scenes that became so popular. In addition to seeking out the sights and sounds of other places, composers began exploring the music of their native countries. Nationalism became a driving force in the late Romantic period and composers wanted their music to express their cultural identity. This desire was particularly intense in Russia and Eastern Europe, where elements of folk music were incorporated into symphonies, tone-poems and other Classical forms. (Wagner 1999) The Romantic period was the days of the virtuoso. Gifted performers and particularly pianists, violinists, and singers became enormously popular. Liszt, the great Hungarian pianist/composer, reportedly played with such passion and intensity that woman in the audience would faint. Since, like Liszt, most composers were also virtuoso performers, it was inevitable that the music they wrote would be extremely challenging to play. The Romantic period witnessed a glorification of the artist whether musician, poet or painter that has had a powerful impact on our own culture. (Wagner 1999) This style of music became known as being romantic. The evolution of music is at least partly shaped by the influence one composer has on another. These influences are not always positive, however. Sometimes composers react against the music of their recent past (even though they might admire it) and move in what seems to be the opposite direction. For example, the simplified style of the early Classical period was almost certainly a reaction to the extreme intricacies of the late Baroque. The late Romantic period featured its own extremes: sprawling symphonies and tone-poems overflowing with music that seemed to stretch harmony and melody to their limits. It is certainly possible to view some early 20th century music as an extension of the late Romantic style, but a great deal of it can also be interpreted as a reaction against that style. 20th century music is a series of isms and neo-isms. The primal energy of Stravinskys Rite of Spring has been called neo-Primitivism. The intensely emotional tone of Schà ¶nbergs early music has b een labeled Expressionism. The return to clearly structured forms and textures has been dubbed neo-Classicism. (R. Strauss) These terms have been employed in an attempt to organize the diversity of styles running through the 20th century. Nationalism continued to be a strong musical influence in the first half of the century. The study of folk songs enriched the music of numerous composers, such as Ralph Vaughan Williams (England), Bela Bartok (Hungary), Heitor Villa Lobos (Brazil) and Aaron Copland (USA). Jazz and popular musical styles have also been tremendously influential on classical composers from both the United States and Europe. Technology has played a increasingly important role in the development of 20th century music. Composers have used recording tape as a compositional tool (such as Steve Reichs Violin Phase). Electronically generated sounds have been used both on their own and in combination with traditional instruments. More recently, computer technology has been used in a variety of ways, including manipulating the performance of instruments in real time. (R. Strauss) So as you can see, music has been around for centuries. Many people have helped music evolve over the years. The six long periods of music that were discussed above really helped music become what is today. Although each individual listen to various types of music they all started the same, with either a rhythm or beat. Music was originated long before humans even existed and grew from there. Music in general has made the world a better place. It gives people a way to express themselves. Music has been called The International Language; a very simple thought with much meaning behind it. Even if you cant speak the language of a country, you can move, sway, dance and most of all enjoy the music of the country. We may not understand the words of a musical selection but we do understand the beauty. (Ruth 2008) Musics interconnection with society can be seen throughout history. Every known culture on the earth has music. Music seems to be one of the basic actions of humans. However, early music was not handed down from generation to generation or recorded. Hence, there is no official record of prehistoric music. Even so, there is evidence of prehistoric music from the findings of flutes carved from bones. The influence of music on society can be clearly seen from modern history. Music helped Thomas Jefferson write the Declaration of Independence. When he could not figure out the right wording for a certain part, he would play his violin to help him. The music helped him get the words from his brain onto the paper. In general, responses to music are able to be observed. It has been proven that music influences humans both in good and bad ways. These effects are instant and long lasting. Music is thought to link all of the emotional, spiritual, and physical elements of the universe. Music can also be used to change a persons mood, and has been found to cause like physical responses in many people simultaneously. Music also has the ability to strengthen or weaken emotions from a particular event such as a funeral. People perceive and respond to music in different ways. The level of musicianship of the performer and the listener as well as the manner in which a piece is performed affects the experience of music. An experienced and accomplished musician might hear and feel a piece of music in a totally different way than a non-musician or beginner. This is why two accounts of the same piece of music can contradict themselves. (ODonnell 2001) According to The Center for New Discoveries in Learning, learning potential can be increased a minimum of five times by using this 60 beats per minute music. For example, the ancient Greeks sang their dramas because they understood how music could help them remember more easily). A renowned Bulgarian psychologist, Dr. George Lozanov, designed a way to teach foreign languages in a fraction of the normal learning time. Using his system, students could learn up to one half of the vocabulary and phrases for the whole school term (which amounts to almost 1,000 words or phrases) in one day. Along with this, the average retention rate of his students was 92%. Dr. Lozanovs system involved using certain classical music pieces from the baroque period which have around a 60 beats per minute pattern. He has proven that foreign languages can be learned with 85-100% efficiency in only thirty days by using these baroque pieces. His students had a recall accuracy rate of almost 100% even after not r eviewing the material for four years. The article above discusses how the history of music not only helped human beings but impacted their lives greatly to where we learn better and think better. (ODonnell 2001)

Xenotransplantation Essay -- Medical Medicine essays

Xenotransplantation Introduction According to Webster's Dictionary, a doctor is one skilled or specializing in healing arts. However, what is entailed in these "healing arts" has expanded time and time again over the course of history. At one point in time, to be a doctor was as simple as administering the right dose of a certain elixir, and then as time went on advances were made in the areas of antibiotics and other medicines, as well as in surgical arenas. Now we have come to a new age where doctors are pushing the boundaries of their capability far beyond anyone imagined they could. Since the first kidney transplant less than 40 years ago, a lot of innovations have been made in the world of organ transplantation and various forms of these procedures continue to be hot topics in today's society. Unfortunately, there are about 68,000 people awaiting a transplant of some sort at any given time and only about 20,000 a year actually receive them. In addition, the demand for transplants is increasing at a rate of 15% a year. It is statistics like this that continue to keep medical professionals striving for alternative methods of transplanting. This limited availability of human organs and tissues, coupled with recent technological advances, has increasingly led to the implantations of living cells from other species when human donors are not available, when a bridge organ is needed, or when animal cells may provide some sort of unique benefit. This is called xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation is perhaps the most talked about area in the medical community today as it involves the loaded issue of cloning and gene mutation. Although a large portion of the material found on xenotransplantation focuses on the transpl... ...in a state of a free for all. We cannot let humans in legitimate need suffer just in case the public might think a certain way about the medical industry. However, there are certain cases when I think the medical industry does have an effect on society. For example, on the topic of human cloning, I say ban it. There is no real need to clone a person, sure it would be neat, but there isn't a need. Then there is xenotransplantation where there is a real need and you are actually able to save lives. In society we have an obligation to do what we can, within reason, to save the lives that can be saved under the guidance of skilled medical professionals who have made an oath to act ethically. We trust them with our lives, why not trust their opinions? Bibliography 1.www.ama-assn.org 2.www.diabetic.org> 3.www.encarta.msn.com 4.www.dukenews.duke.edu Xenotransplantation Essay -- Medical Medicine essays Xenotransplantation Introduction According to Webster's Dictionary, a doctor is one skilled or specializing in healing arts. However, what is entailed in these "healing arts" has expanded time and time again over the course of history. At one point in time, to be a doctor was as simple as administering the right dose of a certain elixir, and then as time went on advances were made in the areas of antibiotics and other medicines, as well as in surgical arenas. Now we have come to a new age where doctors are pushing the boundaries of their capability far beyond anyone imagined they could. Since the first kidney transplant less than 40 years ago, a lot of innovations have been made in the world of organ transplantation and various forms of these procedures continue to be hot topics in today's society. Unfortunately, there are about 68,000 people awaiting a transplant of some sort at any given time and only about 20,000 a year actually receive them. In addition, the demand for transplants is increasing at a rate of 15% a year. It is statistics like this that continue to keep medical professionals striving for alternative methods of transplanting. This limited availability of human organs and tissues, coupled with recent technological advances, has increasingly led to the implantations of living cells from other species when human donors are not available, when a bridge organ is needed, or when animal cells may provide some sort of unique benefit. This is called xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation is perhaps the most talked about area in the medical community today as it involves the loaded issue of cloning and gene mutation. Although a large portion of the material found on xenotransplantation focuses on the transpl... ...in a state of a free for all. We cannot let humans in legitimate need suffer just in case the public might think a certain way about the medical industry. However, there are certain cases when I think the medical industry does have an effect on society. For example, on the topic of human cloning, I say ban it. There is no real need to clone a person, sure it would be neat, but there isn't a need. Then there is xenotransplantation where there is a real need and you are actually able to save lives. In society we have an obligation to do what we can, within reason, to save the lives that can be saved under the guidance of skilled medical professionals who have made an oath to act ethically. We trust them with our lives, why not trust their opinions? Bibliography 1.www.ama-assn.org 2.www.diabetic.org> 3.www.encarta.msn.com 4.www.dukenews.duke.edu

Article mintzberg

The product, called Smarter, dramatically reduced weed growth in potted lands and simultaneously provided important nutrients – all with no chemicals. Smarter raw materials and manufacturing expertise were available in China and India. As the company grew, the managers and board members talked frequently about organization structure. Two schools of thought emerged. One group wanted to import raw materials into the U. S. For manufacturing by WAR and thereby have direct control over manufacturing, marketing, and sales. These functions would be departments within WAR.The second group wanted to import already manufactured ND packaged products from overseas, outsource marketing to an agency, and hire a horticulture distribution company to handle sales. The second group pushed the concept that no one within the company would ever touch the product. Nor would there be functional departments for manufacturing, marketing, and sales. That discussion of structure within WAR would not hav e occurred 30 years ago when Robert Duncan published his seminal article, ‘What is the Right Organization Structure? ‘ in Organization Dynamics in 1979.At that time, organizations were thought to be solidification, and structure defined the porting relationships among internal functional departments. Dunce's article provided important insights about the conditions under which different internal arrangements would achieve a company's mission. His insights are still referenced in management textbooks today. The purpose of this article is to present key developments in organization structure and design that have occurred since Dunce's article and describe when each can be used for greatest effect.We will briefly review the important structural designs from 30 years ago and then describe key developments since that time. The concepts are organized into three eras, which reflect substantive changes in management thinking from vertical organization to horizontal organizing to open boundaries via outsourcing and partnering.The first era of organizational design probably took hold in the mid-asses, and was dominant until the late asses. In Era 1, the ideal organization was self-contained.It had clear boundaries between it and suppliers, customers or competitors. Inputs arrived at the organization's gate, and after a transformation process, left as a completed product or service. Almost everything that was required during the transformation process was supplied internally. Design philosophies from this era emphasized the need to adapt to different environmental and internal contingencies and the ability to control the different parts of the organization 329 through reporting relationships in a vertical chain of command.The structure of self-contained organizations can be thought of as: (1) the grouping of people into functions or departments; (2) the reporting relationships among people and departments; and (3) the systems to ensure coordination and integra tion of activities tooth horizontally and vertically. The structures of this era, including functional, division, and matrix designs, rely largely on the vertical hierarchy and chain of command to define departmental groupings and reporting relationships.Functional In a functional structure, activities are grouped together by common function from the bottom to the top of the organization. Each functional activity – accounting, engineering, human resources, manufacturing, etc. – is grouped into a specific department. Most small companies use this structure, as do many large government organizations ND divisions of large companies. Divisional The divisional structure occurs when departments are grouped together based on organizational outputs. The divisional structure is sometimes called a product structure or profit center.Most large companies have separate divisions that use different technologies or serve different customers. People within each division have more prod uct focus, accountability, and flexibility than would be the case if they were part of a huge functional structure. For example, United Technologies Corporation (UTC), which is among the 50 largest U. S. Industrial rims, has product divisions for air-conditioning and heating (Carrier), elevators and escalators (Otis), aircraft engines (Pratt & Whitney), helicopters (Scissors), and aerospace (Hamilton Suntanned), among others.Each division acts like a stand-alone company, doing its own product development, marketing, and finance. 330 Horizontal Overlays and Matrix Few organizations can be successful today with a pure functional structure, because the resulting functional or divisional silos inhibit the amount of coordination needed in a changing competitive environment. Organizations break down silos by using a variety of horizontal linkage mechanisms to improve communication among departments and divisions. These coordination relationships are often drawn on organization charts as d otted lines.Many organizations use full-time product managers, project managers, or brand managers, to coordinate the work of several departments. The brand manager for Planters Peanuts, for example, serves as an integrator by coordinating the sales, advertising, and distribution for that product. General Motors Corp.. Has brand managers who are integrators responsible for marketing and ales strategies for each of Gem's new models. Organizations that need even stronger horizontal coordination may evolve to a matrix structure. The matrix combines a vertical structure with an equally strong horizontal overlay.While the vertical structure provides traditional control within functional departments, the horizontal overlay provides coordination across departments to achieve profit goals. This structure has lines of formal authority along two dimensions, such as functional and product or product and region. Some employees report to two bosses simultaneously. For example, after a regional r acketing promotion went $10 million over budget, Nikkei Inc. Managers engineered a matrix structure that assigned dual responsibility by product and region to manage the introduction of new products each year.

Classroom Observation Essay

Mrs. Cash’s 3rd grade classroom is a comfortable and safe environment for all of her 16 students. She has a very successful approach to education. Throughout the short amount of time I spent at Pelican Elementary, I was introduced to sheer creativeness. During my observation time, I was able to grasp the materials she used, the classroom environment, and the outcome of the classroom’s learning experience. Cash’s methods of teaching are primarily centered on teacher-student interaction. Her ability to serve a multitude of unique needs within the same class is no small feat. As it is an effective learning tool, the majority of the school days are filled with laughter. Because I observed on a Friday, though, I only got to witness test days. In the morning, her students begin with breakfast in the classroom. Mrs. Cash has ‘specials’ right after this because she is in the Green Hallway. ‘Specials’ consist of classes like art, gym, music, etc. She would then take them to lunch at 10:30. When they returned to the classroom, they headed straight into ‘A. R. Time’ where they would read a book on a certain level and then answer questions about that book on the computer. The questionnaire was for the teacher to know the students understood what they read. Each grade level is in a different colored hallway because their rotations are at different times in the day. The hallway that held her classroom was more toward the center of the school. The hallway to her left was the ‘Blue’ hallway for second grade and the hallway to her right was ‘Red’ for fourth grade. In the middle of all the hallways and the main focus of the school was the library. I liked this set up a lot because it showed how important books and reading was. This is where the school was able to show its diversity because there were posters on the walls with different ethnic children promoting sharing and equality. On the backside of the bookcases, there were anti-bullying posters and posters that encouraged speaking out and asking for help. This showed that the school helped students who were being bullied and who had problems at home. After all that was through, they started Language Arts. They took several quizzes where she would have the students put up privacy folders. Because I only witnessed test taking, I didn’t get to truly appreciate Mrs. Cash’s teaching method but I did get to see how she treated each student individually. She walked around the classroom and gave them pointers on how to hold their pencil and gave each child the time they needed to finish. She made the entire class look at her as she read spelling words aloud and then had them give her thumbs up when they finished writing them. The remarkable thing about Mrs. Cash is that she has a lot of patience and gives everyone the time they deserve. By doing this, it showed that she took the time to give everyone the time and materials they needed, regardless of racial background, to finish their work. She worked with everyone’s learning ability to help them succeed. When this subject was over, she took them outside to recess. I did not like this part of the day because it felt as though the day’s schedule was run by Mrs. Cash herself. She took them to recess when she thought it was necessary and then brought them back inside, after what felt like 10 minutes, because she was too hot. The schedule they had did not seem as though it was the school’s plan, but the teacher’s and that each teacher had their own. There were a few children who lost their privilege due to misbehaving and had to sit out while they finished late work. I thought this was a good method to use to teach students to turn in work on time. The academic lessons I watched with Mrs. Cash were focused on reading, writing, and spelling. The criteria seemed very enjoyable and quite natural to teach. The students are quite comfortable and challenged in a healthy way. When they completed a worksheet together, most of the class excelled in getting the right answers and Cash fed off of everyone’s contribution. She never pushed down an answer, even if it was wrong, and made everyone feel like their contributions were appreciated. I admire this because it is very difficult to achieve comfort of that level in a classroom for only a few short weeks. Being faced with adversity in the classroom is an everyday, perhaps every hour occurrence. Mrs. Cash engages her students’ adverse behavioral problems with ease. She agrees that â€Å"You must choose your battles†, and that, â€Å"Not every action deserves a reaction. † This concept, although not novel, is quite challenging for most. Luckily, she has had a lot of practice. I did notice, though, that she had the students who were grasping the material easier farther away from her desk than she had the ones who were struggling. I feel as though some of the students knew she did this and therefore did not want to try as hard. When facing diversity herself, though, Mrs. Cash did not treat everyone fairly. There was one boy in particular who she constantly picked on. He was of Latin descent and, I’m sure, spoke a form of Spanish, but he understood and could speak English. I understand that in most cases of diversity the language barrier is the biggest struggle, but there is more than one way to accommodate a student who does not understand English. I am not sure if he was just having a bad day, but he was being difficult with fulfilling requests. Cash would say things such as, â€Å"I know you understand English . . . † or â€Å"You’re not moving fast enough handing out those papers† as she would snatch them from his hands and turn away as though he were wasting her time. In these circumstances, I understand that she may have been flustered because it was a Friday, but I would have used different words and definitely a different tone of voice or even had an interpreter if I was struggling to communicate with him. The materials used within the classroom were varying. Mrs. Cash labeled everything to keep the classroom neat and organized. This also stimulated the students’ mind because they were subconsciously reading the labels and constantly learning where the materials went. They had purple folders during ‘A. R. Time’ that held their books and quiz scores in one place. They had cubbies that were assigned by seat number and all their school supplies stayed in there during the day. The subject text books were in bins lined up at the front of the class where a ‘Team Leader’ would retrieve them when needed. Mrs. Cash’s tidiness lends greatly to the success of her students. Her classroom is absolutely wonderful. She had an assortment of posters and class work tacked on the walls and a variety of knick-knacks all throughout. She had nicely scented soap that she bought for the class in an amusing pump on the sink, she had silly window stickers on the windows and she had a collection of funny pens and pencils on each table. The tables were set up in four groups of four individual desks and there were assigned ‘Team Leaders’ and â€Å"Material Monitors’. Her classroom decoration was fluid and made it a better learning environment because the students were facing each other, and not toward the teacher. This gave them opportunities to work together and to improve their social skills. What I did not like about the classroom was that it was openly joined with the one next to them. It was hard for some students to test because the class next door was being taught a lesson and therefore making a lot of noise. When Mrs. Cash asked the teacher to quiet her classroom down, she apologized but made no changes. This irritated me because it wasn’t fair to the students. I assume the classrooms were designed this way to save water, because of fewer bathrooms, but it is not a very constructive learning environment. A wife, mother and distinguished grade school teacher, Mrs. Cash has been an ideal observation candidate. Her approach to education is a successful one. Taken away is an informed standpoint about teaching young students in general that assists greatly to the morale of a perspective teaching professional.

Pond Weed essays

Pond Weed essays What are the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis? The amount of light, carbons dioxide, the temperature and water are all limiting factors of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis increases when light gets brighter but only up too a point. The more carbon dioxide you give plants the more photosynthesis it will carries out. An increase on the temperature usually increases the rate of photosynthesis. If there is no water/ or moisture this can affect the growth of the plant and the plat will not have any think to feed on, which stops the plants growth. To investigate how the rate of photosynthesis in light intensity. Hypothesis: What I predict before the experiment. The light intensity affects photosynthesis as plants needs this for growth, evidence that this works is that when its in the summer plants seems to grow better in the light (sunshine) due to high light intensity. Therefore, every time I bring the light source closer, this will increase the light intensity on the pondweed, so I think that closer the light is to the plant the more photosynthesis will take place. How will the light intensity be adjusted? I will adjust the light intensity by adjusting the distance of the light from the plant, I will start it off 50cm away and then 45cm, 40cm, 35cm, 30cm, 25cm, 20cm, 15cm, 10cm, and then 0.5cm, I will record the results and then produce a graph and add a line of best fit, I think that closer the light intensity then the photosynthesis will increase. Method: Step by step on how to start and complete this experience ...

Analysis of the Hounds of Tindalos essays

Analysis of the Hounds of Tindalos essays The Hounds of Tindalos is a short science fiction story containing many and varied elements that have been long associated with the genre of science fiction. This essay will identify these elements, examining their placement within this short text and also the interchange of these elements with the characteristics of other genres, more specifically, horror. Belknap Long, the author, was clearly intent of incorporating the elements of horror within the genre of science fiction and this amalgamation of these two genres was a popular combination employed by future horror and SF writers. Perhaps the inclusion of horror within the SF genre is a comment in itself about perceptions of SF held by writers, the elements of horror being a cautionary warning to those in the science world. Longs main character is Halpin Chalmers, a self proclaimed rebel and champion of originality and lost causes. From the start it is clear there are present within this text some elements of the SF genre that seem to be in just about every SF story, beginning with the main character. Many writers have as their main characters people who are non-conformists, who wish to boldly go where no one has gone before and who are willing to take seemingly illogical and irrational risks in the hope of furthering makinds scientific discoveries. Chalmers is no exception in this as he willingly partakes in an ancient Chinese drug that is a known powerful hallucinogen in a bid to go back in time. There is of course the proverbial wet blanket in the shape of the narrator, known only as Frank, who believes his friend Chalmers to be quite mad, but who never-the-less agrees to aid his friend in his bizarre experiment despite the risks he is taking. Frank represents all those characters in SF stories who are the skeptics, the non believers, who have a solid faith in the science of the present, and who consider characters like Chalmers to be eccentr...

Definition and Examples of Conjunctive Adverbs

Definition and Examples of Conjunctive Adverbs In English grammar, a conjunctive adverb is an adverb  or adverbial phrase that indicates a relation in meaning between two sequential  independent clauses  (or main clauses). It is also called a conjunct, a transitional conjunction, or a cohesive conjunction. A conjunctive adverb is commonly placed at the beginning of the main clause (where its usually followed by a comma); accordingly, it may follow a semicolon, but only when both clauses (the one before and the one after the conjunctive adverb) are independent and can stand alone. A conjunctive adverb  may appear, on the other hand, almost anywhere in the clause. When used as an interrupting word or phrase, the conjunctive adverb is usually set off by commas on either side. If you are uncertain whether a connecting word is a  conjunctive adverb, test by moving the connecting word to another place in the clause, author  Stephen Reid writes in  The Prentice Hall Guide for College Writers, Conjunctive adverbs can be moved;  subordinating conjunctions  (such as  if  and  because) and  coordinating conjunctions  (but, or, yet, for, and, nor, so) cannot. (2003) Contrast With RegularAdverbs Unlike a conventional adverb, which typically affects the meaning of only a single word or phrase, the meaning of a conjunctive adverb affects the entire clause of which it is a part.   For example, a conventional adverb modifies a verb or adjective, such as in The child just couldnt bear to walk slowly, where  slowly gives more information about the verb  walk. Or, in The Halloween costume looked absolutely ridiculous, the adverb absolutely emphasizes the adjective ridiculous. In contrast, a conjunctive adverb pertains to the entire sentence and connects two parts. Or, if it starts a sentence, it can serve as a transition from one statement to another, as in when you want to make a point of contrasting two things in consecutive sentences: The Halloween costume looked absolutely ridiculous. However, Sam thought it provided the perfect effect. In another distinction between the two types of adverbs, as shown in the list below, a conjunctive adverb may also consist of more than one word, such as in the meantime or at last. Common Conjunctive Adverbs in English Here is a list of examples of conjunctive adverbs. Please note that some words in this list can be other word forms as well; usage will determine which it is.   For example, if a sentence reads, She really should act accordingly, that is a regular adverbial usage. A conjunctive adverbial usage of the word could be something like, The law changed in the state to allow liquor sales on Sundays; accordingly, retailers had to decide if they would be open that day or remain closed by choice. accordingly afterward again also anyhow anyway as a result at last at the same time before besides certainly consequently conversely earlier eventually finally for example for instance further furthermore granted hence however in addition in any case incidentally in conclusion indeed in fact in short in spite of instead in the meantime later lately likewise meanwhile moreover namely nevertheless next nonetheless now on the contrary on the other hand otherwise perhaps rather similarly so still subsequently that is then thereafter, therefore thus undoubtedly

Administration and Politics Dichotomy Research Paper

Administration and Politics Dichotomy - Research Paper Example He came up with this theory because of the increased rate of corruption, urbanization and migration. He thought that jobs were given out to people who were under-qualified for public service jobs, which resulted to more inabilities. That is why he wanted to discover what a government could do more efficiently and in what ways without any involvement from the politics. In his investigation he figured the existence of politics and administration distinction which became known as â€Å"politic- administration dichotomy†. He thought that politics should only determine what government should do by the elected persons and administration should be responsible to put these policies to work by the civil servants. (Overeem, 2012) In my opinion Wilson’s theory has proved workable for politics being the expression of policies for the well-being of the nation and its people and administration being the body for executing these policies in the best possible way. It has proved to be practical in the United States which helped the US to move from a rural agricultural society to an industrial nation. Although some have contradictory believes about this study can work very well in a small town where day to day managerial decisions are taken by the community or the aldermen of the society, who are also law-makers of the community, whereas this form of government cannot work on one coming out of a dictatorship, communism and socialism and is known as a third-world nation. One advantage of administration-politics dichotomy is that administrative matters and decisions would not be driven by politics. Although politics provides work to administration but it should not be able to make it do what it wants and should not affect laws and regulations. The purpose of politics is to provide guidance to the public administrations, it’s their job to be the voice for the public and make it heard by the administrators. Whereas, the job of a

Virgin Atlantic Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Virgin Atlantic - Case Study Example They use a mixed Boeing and Airbus fleet, operating between Australia, Asia, the Caribbean, Middle East, Africa, North America, and the UK from bases at Heathrow and Gatwick airports. Virgin Atlantic also operates domestic flights in the UK from March 2013. Virgin Atlantic had 5.3 million passengers in 2011, which makes it the 8th largest airline in the UK. Political influences Tax policies have influenced the airline heavily over the years. Because of its globalization strategy, the different tax policies used by different countries have had an effect on costs. Increased environmental demands by environmentalists have forced Virgin Atlantic to reduce cargo weight and aircraft weight to reduce pollution. This has made Virgin Atlantic research into bio-fuels. Employment laws have also been tightened following cabin crew strikes. In addition, terrorist threats have made Virgin Atlantic take out insurance policies for their crew. Economic factors There is an increasing trend where major ity of countries are seeing decreasing GDP because high unemployment levels and high living standards. This has seen decreasing numbers of clients for Virgin Atlantic. The recent recession has also affected consumer frequency and forced Virgin Atlantic to reduce flights. High exchange rates have also affected Virgin Atlantic due to increased oil prices, resulting in increased airfare. Finally, the increase of interest rates because of slow economic growth, which has seen Virgin Airlines increase airfare because of increased payments on overdrafts and loans. Social factors Various countries practice different religions, and this has made Virgin Atlantic take their staff for training to handle different clients with differing religious beliefs. With different age groups of consumers, Virgin Airlines has installed entertainment for children going on holiday, for instance. Virgin Atlantic, because of its globalization strategy, has also had to train its staff in different languages beca use of the global nature of its clients. Finally, Virgin Atlantic has undertaken various social responsibilities like slum upgrading in Kenya and home sanctuaries for white rhinos and other endangered species. Technological factors These factors influence the lowering of entry barriers for new services and reduction of minimum efficient production. Some include R&D, for example, because of the increased air pollution, Virgin Atlantic undertaken research on the bio-fuel use. In addition, they have also introduced office equipment with internet facilities to cater for business travelers. Technology has also enabled them to communicate with clients, for example, for booking of flights. 2. At Corporate Level there are alternative strategic options for growth that an organisation can take in terms of choices about products or markets. The Ansoff Matrix can be used to identify various strategies that could be adopted by an organisation to pursue growth. Using the Ansoff Matrix, and making reference to examples, evaluate the various strategies that Virgin Atlantic could consider in order to pursue growth to develop their competitive position. Of the four market/product strategies that Ansoff identified, the strategies that Virgin Atlantic is implementing are market expansion or penetration and development of products. These specific strategies come with low risk levels and medium levels of risk for Virgin Atlantic as; indeed, it does for all other companies. The evidence for the strategy of market

Hazardous waste management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Hazardous waste management - Essay Example In line with this, it is common place for industries to reclaim, or recover spent solvents such as acetones from waste products. In addition, industries reclaim some metals from hazardous waste materials from industrial facilities to recover metals such as lead, which is the most reclaimed metal from industrial waste (EPA, 2013). It is essential to point out that recycling of hazardous waste does not only involve the aspect of reclaiming useful products from waste materials. However, industries also reuse the waste that they produced in their manufacturing processes. For example, industries that deal with smelting of zinc reuse the hazardous waste products they produce during the processing of zinc. In this regard, these industries return the emission control dust into the furnace that was primarily smelting the zinc (EPA, 2013). In effect, these industries reuse this waste product and ensure that the hazardous waste does not pollute the environment. On the other hand, it is vital to point out that hazardous waste products can be used directly into the land, which makes the land fertile, or incorporated into other products that make fertilizer (EPA,

Using Mathematics to predict traffic flow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Using Mathematics to predict traffic flow - Essay Example In this paper, we study microscopic model in detail, which utilizes ordinary differential equations. We also provide the reasons for studying the traffic flow and the current applications in science. The basic aim of studying traffic is to comprehend traffic jamming and find ways to prevent it. The aim is to provide well-organized movement of traffic while reducing congestion problems. Traffic modeling is studied in different disciplines and each of the fields explains why we study traffic. In Engineering, civil engineers are interested in traffic to be able to forecast and model traffic flow to generate operative and safe road systems and intersections. In addition, electrical engineers may create intelligent electronic appliances, which will monitor and get used to traffic conditions. Besides, environmental engineers may study how traffic jamming affects fuel consumption and air pollution. For city planners, they study traffic to determine the most effectively use and apply traffic systems. A city planner may need to decide the effectof the addition of an on-ramp to a freeway or if to construct a bypass. Moreover, a city planner may need to determine certain types of cars that should be prevented from a certain roadway. The traffic models can assist state government and city planners to determine speed limits. Through creation of accurate simulations of traffic models, computer scientists enable city planners and engineers to rapidly test new designs. Simulations can define how a planned change in infrastructure will influence traffic before any building is initiated. There are two current types of models namely macroscopic and microscopic. Both models have modern state-of-the-art equations. Macroscopic models research on traffic from a general or average perspective whereas microscopic models research on the motion of individual vehicles. The traffic jams can be studied with both types of models. The models can simulate

Student Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Student Response - Essay Example The posting indicates that Israel was the key cause of the conflict between these nations. I agree that the Shi’ite and anti-Israeli movement was created in response to Israel failing to execute its intended purpose, which was to free Lebanon . I believe that after successfully freeing Lebanon and having the conflict terminated, Israel went further to indicate a reluctance in vacating the country. It led to an uproar from the public. This piece is exceptional in its narration despite the fact that it ignored some of the key elements of the paper. Similarly, I believe that Lebanon was the greatest beneficiary. Response Post 2 I agree that the greatest loser of the war is the Israelites. One of the key evidences the student presents is the fact that Israel would have avoided engaging in the conflict altogether, as this led to twenty plus years of deployment of Israel soldiers and resources, which must have cost the government a bundle. In the paper the student argues " †¦ quick, compelling success is not how it played out. I believe that Israel spent over twenty years dealing with Lebanon." Arguably, you have also cited Hezbollah as the greatest beneficiary, giving similar reasons as those cited in the paragraph above. The fact that Lebanon was freed, the country was able to send Israel out of the country. I agree with both choices for the greatest beneficiaries and the greatest losers.

The Development of Presidental Power in the United States Research Paper

The Development of Presidental Power in the United States - Research Paper Example Decisive issues in the history of the United States, such as territorial expansion and slavery, have played a crucial role in determining the scope and nature of expanding presidential power through the centuries. In order to understand the rise of presidential power, one must first set a standard to which that rise is measured. That standard is the first president of the United States, George Washington, who was inaugurated on April 30, 1789. In many ways, Washington set the standards for his successors: setting up a cabinet system, giving an inaugural address, and serving as a two-term president. He took over the presidency of a country emerging fresh from its quest for independence, and he immediately faced the problems of any newly established nation. Recognizing the need to sign major treaties for foreign powers and to ratify the Bill of Rights, Washington signed a large slate of legislative measures that set up channels of commerce, state militias, the judiciary, the United Sta tes Mint, and the first immigration laws. Each of these acts stood in concert with the newly signed Constitution, which Washington used as justification for his veto of the Apportionment Act of 1792 (Washington). By all accounts, Washington represents the classic president with his respect for the precise limits of his power. Washington held federalist sentiments, aligned for the most part with his Secretary of the Treasury, cabinet member, and friend Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton’s intellectual influence on Washington was so great that Washington’s famous Farewell Address is thought to have been crafted, at least in part, by Hamilton’s hand. The federalists like Washington and Hamilton viewed states rights as less important and a hindrance to an effective, efficient central state. The Articles of Confederation, which had been discarded in favor of the Constitution, stressed the value of states’ rights above a central state but to a degree that made the fe deral government incapable of carrying out its necessary, executive functions. In his Farewell Address, Washington makes it clear that a stronger central government, at the expense of states’ rights, is a necessary movement toward reducing deadly factions in American government. To that end, Washington urges support for the new constitutional government. A weak government, he warns, is one that cannot defend itself from factions, or enforce its laws, or protect the rights of citizens, which is implied as an argument against overemphasizing the sovereignty of individual states. After the presidency of John Adams, another federalist, Thomas Jefferson became the third president in March 1801. As a Democrat-Republican with anti-federalist leanings, Jefferson wrote in favor of state rights, believing that the size of the federal government ought not to be maximized (Schlesinger 23). Instead, he thought, states’ ought to have a greater degree of sovereignty because they are more responsive to diverse groups of people. Looking at the divergent interests of Southerners and Northerners, even in the early 1800s, Jefferson identified a potential source of conflict—a factionalism that might emerge on the highest level of government. Accordingly, he endorsed a political

Student Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Student Response - Essay Example The posting indicates that Israel was the key cause of the conflict between these nations. I agree that the Shi’ite and anti-Israeli movement was created in response to Israel failing to execute its intended purpose, which was to free Lebanon . I believe that after successfully freeing Lebanon and having the conflict terminated, Israel went further to indicate a reluctance in vacating the country. It led to an uproar from the public. This piece is exceptional in its narration despite the fact that it ignored some of the key elements of the paper. Similarly, I believe that Lebanon was the greatest beneficiary. Response Post 2 I agree that the greatest loser of the war is the Israelites. One of the key evidences the student presents is the fact that Israel would have avoided engaging in the conflict altogether, as this led to twenty plus years of deployment of Israel soldiers and resources, which must have cost the government a bundle. In the paper the student argues " †¦ quick, compelling success is not how it played out. I believe that Israel spent over twenty years dealing with Lebanon." Arguably, you have also cited Hezbollah as the greatest beneficiary, giving similar reasons as those cited in the paragraph above. The fact that Lebanon was freed, the country was able to send Israel out of the country. I agree with both choices for the greatest beneficiaries and the greatest losers.

Genetically Modified Foods Essay Example for Free

Genetically Modified Foods Essay Genetically Modified Foods (GMO) are crops that have had changes made to their genetic material (DNA) in a way that does not occur naturally through the introduction of a gene from a different organisms. The use of genetically modified foods has been debated about for some time now. One side argues that GMO is more sustainable and economically efficient. It is also argued that GMO has not been properly tested for any negative effects on humans, other animals and the environment. GMO foods are seen as the future in agriculture by scientist as it solves so many worldwide problems. Industries claim GMO foods have been changed to make the food last longer, give the crop herbicidal tolerance, resistance to insects and different climates, taste better and the crop will produce more food. This results in more food for the rapidly growing population of the world as less crops will spoil as a result of insects, while also increasing the nutritional value of the food. Foods that previously weren’t able to grow in varying climates will now be able to, this will especially benefit countries such as Africa where their climate is very harsh. It has been argued that scientists have not done enough research and have not fully tested their products properly. This has been the concerns of many people all over the world. Do the benefits really outweigh the negatives? While GMO products may be very beneficial to society in theory very few have been properly tested for how they impact humans and other organisms in the long term. Tests have been done on rats testing the effects of GMO products on their health, in all cases rats feed GMO products were more likely to develop tumours and suffer server liver and kidney damage. Recent studies also show that despite the claims of GMO food supporters GMO crops don’t produce larger amounts of food. In addition to these problems it has been found that weeds have crossed bread with these GMO plants resulting in herbicide resistant weeds which mean stronger pesticides are needed which possess a huge threat to none GMO plants. In 2010 Germany introduced a ban on Monsanto genetically modified corn as it was considered dangerous. In 2011 Peru passed a law banning genetically modified crops for 10 years, the same year Hungary also destroyed 1000 acres of corn that was found to be grown with genetically modified seeds which are banned. If countries are going to such lengths to keep GMO foods out there must be an issue with them. The main issue with GMO is that it is big companies that are creating GMO foods. They only care about making a profit. This results in sloppy long term tests and in some cases false information being provided to the public to promote their product. In most cases the negatives clearly outweigh the positives of GMO foods although that does not rule out all GMO products. If governments got involved more and incorporated better restrictions on the production of GMO foods results will improve. With more research and tests maybe GMO foods really will be the way of the future.

Tesco And The Uk Oligopolistic Market Economics Essay

Tesco And The Uk Oligopolistic Market Economics Essay In the UK, supermarkets are the main places for customers to buy food and daily articles for use. The scales of these supermarkets are very big and they also provide customers with diverse and wide selection goods such as vegetables, fruit, meat, stationery, televisions and computers (Somucheasier, 2010). Chain supermarkets can be easily found all over the country and big scales of supermarkets also spread in every city (Baidu, 2010). Tesco, Sainsbury and Asda are three main companies in the UK supermarket industry (Somucheasier, 2010). For example, Tesco is the largest retailer in UK by both global sales and domestic market share (Baidu, 2010). At the end of 2006, the turnover of Tesco had reached to  ¿Ã‚ ¡3.83 billion(Baidu, 2010). Tesco is the third largest global retailer in the world which just behind Wal-Mart and Carrefour (Baidu, 2010). Oligopoly is one kind of market structure (Anderton. et al, 2008:298). There may be a large number of firms, but most are small and relative ly unimportant, while a small number of large firms produce most of the outputs of the industry (Anderton. et al, 2008:298). The supermarket industry in the UK could be described as an oligopoly market because it accords with three key characteristics of an oligopolistic market. Firstly, in an oligopolistic market, there are only a few major competitors in the market, so they control the supply in the industry (Anderton. et al, 2008:322). Secondly, firms should be interdependent, because firms collaborate to charge the same price as each other (Anderton. et al, 2008:322). Thirdly, there are barriers to entry to the industry, so they can prevent other firms from taking advantage of the abnormal profits characteristic of oligopolies (Anderton. etal, 2008:322). Customers can benefit from this kind of market structure because of the advantages of oligopolistic market; however, they may also lose their benefits because of the disadvantages of oligopolistic market. This essay will explain the advantages and disadvantages of an oligopoly structure and the appropriateness of that structure to the British supermarket industry. Body It is widely believed that there are many advantages of oligopolistic market, thus customers can benefit from this kind of market structure, for the following reasons. Firstly, in an oligopolistic market, price is often not the most essential factor in the competition, which means non-price competition (Anderton. et al, 2008:322). For marketing their products effectively, firms should think of their market mix which is known as 4ps (Anderton. et al, 2008:323). First, firms should pay close attention to the features of products to make sure their products are meeting the needs of their customers. Second, the price of products must not only fit in with the nature of products themselves, but also fit the way in which they are being promoted and distributed to customers. Third, promotion should take account of products and help firms gain new customers or retain existing ones. Fourth, products need to be available to customers in the right place (Anderton. et al, 2008:323). Secondly, according to Anderton et al (2008), many markets are dominated by brands. A branded good which has a unique formulation and unique design can appear thousands of customers, because a successful branded good can give buyers the imagined characteristics of the product in their minds (Anderton. et al, 2008:323). For example, the Tesco originally specializing in food and drink, but now, it has diversified into areas such as clothing, financial services, telecoms, car insurance and so on, because it can follow consumers different demands to enlarge its scale (Tescoplc, 2010). Thirdly, in the oligopoly market, price seems to be rigid. As Anderton et al (2008) points out, in the kinked demand curve (Figure 1), there will be an asymmetrical reaction to a change in price by one firm. For instance, if one firm increase its price in order to make much more profit, however, other firms disregard it, thus, the firm which has increase its price will lose its market share. On the contrary, if one firm decreases its price, other firms will also reduce its price in order to prevent the erosion of market share (Anderton. et al, 2008:328). Because of the price rigidity, firms would like to improve their profit; therefore they need to make a development and innovation in their services. The key to this process is gaining information about their customers and constantly communicating new products to them. Figure 1 Therefore, based on these three reasons, customers can benefit from oligopolistic market. However, not all the things come well; there are also some disadvantages of oligopoly. Firstly, Anderton et al (2008) argues that collusion is very common in oligopoly market. There is a very strong incentive for collusion firms-restrict competition and maximize their own benefit(Anderton. et al, 2008:323).The prices charge by oligopolistic firms is always higher .There will be potential buyers who would like to use the oligopolistic firms products but cannot afford the profit maximizing price set by oligopolistic firms. Secondly, there are only a few competitors in the market (Anderton. et al, 2008:322). Thus, the degrees of competition ability arent big, which means oligopolistic firms can hardly target diverse customers and provide them with differentiated products. Therefore, customers may lose their benefits from this kind of market structure. Conclusion In summary, oligopolistic market has both advantages and disadvantages, therefore firms should make good use of the advantages of oligopolistic market to guarantee consumers interest and avoid its disadvantages. Despite the disadvantages of oligopolistic market, firms can use the market mix to product goods effectively and take advantage of their brands to attract thousands of devoted customers; moreover, they can also make a development and innovation in service. However, if the firms in oligopolistic market can avoid their disadvantages, they can do better. They should not always charge higher price for customers and target diverse customers to provide them with differentiated goods. By doing these, consumers can benefit from this kind of market structure.

Women in Engineering Essay -- Gender Roles

Engineering is a field dominated by men in today's society, for many reasons. When people think about engineering they think about men with glasses and never does a women come to mind. However, there have been many studies on the skills that keep women out of engineering as a career yet there is no proof that women cannot or do not possess the skills needed to be a successful engineer. Therefore, it is thought and stereotyped that women do not have the skills to have an engineering career. Due to the studies and stereotypes the questions then arise as to what makes a good engineer. Many have the same response to the question but not one skill can a women not posses. Women are stereotyped as being dumb just because they are pretty. If a women is not considered pretty she is often thought of as being a smarter than a pretty women . Over all the stereotypes there are some women who have beat the odds. These Women who do have the skills to enter into the field face bias everyday in the f ield because they are women not because they lack in the required skills. Unfortunately, these reasons that keep women from entering the field of engineering. There have been organizations that spend their time encouraging women to enter into engineering. The Organizations and societies have become so strong and so persuasive that even the company that makes Barbie is coming out with a computer engineering Barbie to attract young girls into the field. The push from the organizations and the drive of the women for success has helped some women to make a breakthrough in the field. Those few women who have overcome many challenges and obstacles in the field have to prove themselves to be looked at with even the slightest bit of respect. These women who ma... ... if they are. Not only when they have the interest be as a little girl playing with her toy Barbie that says, "math is hard". Research could be done on the math ability of women compared to men. On the contrary, women have groups to encourage them to enter into the field. The groups show that even though women are pushed out of the field they must be important because the societies and organizations exist. Why is it that women are being so strongly pushed out just to be pulled back in by the organization, it's because they are an important aspect to the field. The women who have the drive to enter into the field make huge strides and positive impacts on the field. Over all women may not be what is thought of when talking about engineering, but the women who go through the hardship make a huge impact of the field, causing their existence in the field to be important.

Is the Notion of an Early Modern Military Revolution Tenable? Essays

Is the Notion of an Early Modern Military Revolution Tenable? The notion of an early modern military revolution is one which is a much debated subject among historians. Two historians who are very dominant in this field are Geoffrey Parker and Michael Roberts. Although they both agree that a military revolution occurred, they disagree on the timing of a revolution in war. Roberts argues that a military revolution started in 1560 and "by 1660, the modern art of war had come to birth." Parker, on the other hand, sees the military revolution as a "firmly sixteenth century phenomenon with antecedents in the fifteenth." Prior to the early modern period, warfare was based around castles and fortified towns and attempts to capture them. This changed very little in the middle ages. Armies had a maximum of forty thousand soldiers, many of whom were mercenaries (1550). Armies consisted of Pike men in square formations supported by cavalry and musketeers. Battles often ended in a stalemate and wars were very lengthy as a result of this. Through the military revolution emerged new tactics, technology and style of warfare. Michael Roberts acknowledged four revolutionary traits of what he called the military revolution. "First, the superiority of disciplined infantry - musketeers rather than pike men - armed and drilled to prosecute a field battle by the ordered application of firepower, not the hurly-burly of man-man combat; second, themanifestly greater size of these new-style, mostly musketeer armies; third, the emergence of bolder, more dramatic strategies designed to seek a decisive battle at the culmi nation of a sharp campaign; and fourth, a need for larger and more reliable and intrusive commissariats and military bureaucraci... ...tary revolution occurred is not tenable but the notion that the face of warfare, the order of the world and the way people perceived war changed in this period and has shaped the modern world definitely is tenable. Bibliography Jeremy Black Ed: European Warfare 1453 - 1815 (Problems in Focus) Macmillan Press Limited 1999 H. G. Koenigsberger: Early Modern Europe 1500 - 1789 (The Silver Library) Pearson Education Limited 1987 J. M. Roberts: The Penguin History of Europe Penguin Books 1997 Michael Roberts: The Military Revolution 1560 - 1660 Boulder, CO, 1995 G Parker: The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West 1500 - 1800 Second Edition Cambridge University Press 1996 G Parker Ed: The Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare Cambridge University Press 1995 Stephen J. Lee: The Thirty Years War TJ Press (Padstow) 1991

Food Log Analysis Essay

5 day food analysis During the 5 day span I met the calorie requirement of 2850 in daily food intake due to my high activity level. I pretty much had a balanced diet in terms of having each food group represented in my daily intake. I plan on to keeping my muscle mass, so I pretty much had a diet plan before. But going through the calorie tracker in the website made me realize that I was eating too much junk food than intended. It really didn’t have any adverse on my physique due to my early mentioned level of activity but by cutting down on my junk food intake for the week I was recording this log I was able to enjoy good wholesome food, without spending a lot of money in college cafeteria. Not only was I able to do this I was able to feel the effect of having healthy food in my daily workouts. I was more energized to do work and felt the energy throughout the day. I did not need coffee or any other types of energy drink to keep me going through the day. I also was able to watch and track how much of what I was eating during this time period. I usually overeat on the food groups such as meat and fruits while skipping vegetable and grains that are needed for a balanced body. Now I made sure that everything was in proportion and also introduced new foods my daily routine. I plan on to implementing the above mentioned findings on to my diet from now on so that I could avoid the mistakes that I used to commit before.

It Doesn’t Matter Case Study Essay

This is information era. The evolution of human society from agricultural society to industrial society, and to today’s information technology society, shows that information technology is playing a more and more important role. People who can access to information the most quickly would be the winners in the market. With the continuous development of consumer demand, and the progress of information technology industry, IT has been widely existed in every corner of the modern commercial society. We use computers to work, use software to improve the efficiency of information processing, use the Internet to transfer information, use E-mail and other technics to achieve efficient communication. We can say that the development of information technology promotes the development of the whole industry. According to Carr that information technology’s power and ubiquity grows, its strategic importance diminishes. I agree with this statement to some extends.   Like electric power in the past: the discovery of electric brought the second industrial revolution to the world. Nowadays, people cannot imagine life without electric. Electricity is everywhere and it is easily available. But it doesn’t mean that electricity is no longer important. It means that the market value of electric has changed tremendously. The market of infrastructure construction of electric is saturated. People are charging for using electric which was offered by electric power companies. IT is on the same way. Nowadays, people are building their own â€Å"electric plants† in their companies. The trend of the market is that there will be professional â€Å"IT plant companies† who can provide the techniques to every industry. Different kinds of industry are more and more relying on information technology. What people really need in the IT-era is not super computer and software, but the information. Companies invest in IT infrastructure to achieve the information, process the information and improve the efficiency eventually. With the development of the IT technology, there are many companies to provide professional technology service for the enterprises. Enterprises do not need to set up information technology team to develop their own software and system. They can obtain information technology support in the same way of calling ATT to set up homophone: professional workers will come to install equipment and provide service support. Cloud computing makes IT technology go from every computer CPU to the clouds. People don’t need to update their computer processing speed since that cloud computing makes information processing completed in the clouds. People’s computer becomes the information receiving window. The software in those computers also becomes less important. Software in the clouds can also obtain. Data is processing and storing in the clouds, so that special large memory in the computer is no longer necessary. Computers only need to get results from the clouds to show. There will be great advance in cloud computing in the in the near future. Software in the cloud will replace the software in the computers. The high-speed information transmission technology will have to improve as premise. For example, company can use the inventory management software in the cloud to manage their stock. Workers update the data online through a website where different kinds of database management strategies can be chosen.. The order information will be transferred to the suppliers online automatically. I consider Carr’s arguments in the article to be hold just for infrastructure investments. Today’s investment in IT industry should be focused on for example cloud instead of infrastructure. With the progress of cloud computing technology, the market demand of hardware and infrastructure will shrink.

Heatlhy Eating

Healthy eating and exercise will help in the prevention or maintenance of sugar levels thus lowering the chance of developing diabetes and/or other illnesses. A well balanced diet and regular exercise are important for a healthy lifestyle to avoid these health issues. There are certain benefits and important reasons for eating healthy. Eating healthy allows the body to operate more efficiently, so that the numbers of visits to the doctor’s office related to digestion or the lack there-of are kept to a minimum, and a better quality of life can be enjoyed. This paper will discuss the benefits of healthy eating, controlling diabetes and prevention of other diseases and illnesses. There are significant benefits of feeling better. For one, a healthy lifestyle promotes feeling better through exercise, and taking advantage of activities that are not regularly participated in, because of the way the body feels. Feeling better will also boost metabolism. This means the body does not feel tired and could potentially encourage a daily exercise plan. Exercising will get the cardiovascular, lungs and stigma pumping. This exercise plan could aid in the prevention of unwanted medication due to fatigue, being overweight and generally not feeling well. Just moving about and being active can work certain parts of the body. When the body feels good it releases adrenaline. Adrenaline helps with daily activities. Walking or running on a daily basis will provide the body with some kind of physical activity. Feeling better alone with healthy eating is a key essential to maintaining a healthy lifestyle. More than a decade ago, the U. S. Department of Agriculture created the Food Guide Pyramid. This simple illustration conveyed in a flash what the USDA said were the elements of a healthy diet. The Pyramid was taught in schools, appeared in countless media articles and brochures and was plastered on cereal boxes and food labels (Willett, 2000, 2005). From EAT, DRINK, AND BE HEALTHY by Walter C. Willett, M. D. Copyright  © 2001, 2005 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Reprinted by permission of Free Press/Simon & Schuster, Inc. The Healthy Eating Pyramid sits on a foundation of daily exercise and weight control. Why? These two related elements strongly influence ones chances of staying healthy. They also affect what and how you eat and how your food affects you. (Willett, 2001, 2005) Does the body need three meals and two snacks between meals daily? Well, listen to what the body says. One way to listen to the body is to stop eating when the stomach feels full. When the stomach feels full, do not continue to eat. Feeling stuffed will cause fatigue, a sluggish and tired feeling accompanied with feeling uncomfortable. Do not over eat; this could result in stretching the abdomen. â€Å"Eating healthy foods provides your body with energy, strengthens your immune system and improves your ability to stay fit† (Segal, 2000). Another reason eating healthy foods is essential is it provides the body with nutrients needed to maintain energy levels throughout the day. A person will feel better and have higher sustained energy levels that could last until evening or when it is time to retire for the day. Here are some suggestions that should be used to start eating healthy. They recommend to develop a routine meal plan for daily meals and snacks. First, learn to not skip meals especially breakfast; a balanced breakfast is recommended every morning. Providing the body with breakfast in the morning is like starting the motor of a car with a full tank of gas. If there is no gas in the tank, the car will not run. With a full tank of gas, the car is able to run for days. By providing the body with fuel in the morning, the body is started for the day. When planning a routine meal plan for eating healthy, think about if the body weight is normal. If the body weight is normal, three meals a day and two snacks between meals can be enjoyed everyday. Snacks can be enjoyed between meals if hunger is experienced. Some suggestions for eating healthy without piling on calories are to eat raw foods like salads combined with low fat dressings. Drink plenty of water to dilute toxins the body stores, which could leave a sluggish feeling. If drinking water is boring, natural fruit juices low in sugars can be substituted. Healthy eating can prevent certain types of diseases and high cholesterol. When shopping for food at the grocery store, purchase certain foods that are low in saturated fats, low fat or skim dairy products. Try to avoid a large amount of red meat. Purchase meat products that are high in protein and buy products that have some fiber in them. Foods that are high in saturated fats and cholesterol are known to cause blockage in the body arteries. When these arteries are blocked, the blockage will cut off the supply of blood to the heart. If the heart does not get the oxygen it needs, this will result in a heart attack. Dairy products such as milk, ice cream, butter and cooking ils are high in fats and should be given careful consideration when being purchased. The reasoning for not eating a large number of red meat products is because these meats are high in cholesterol and the body produces its own cholesterol. Cholesterol is found in our hormones and in bile acids for digestion purposes. When cholesterol is deposited into the body from the food we eat, the ch olesterol goes into the arteries that could result in a blockage of the arteries. The coronary arteries narrow with high cholesterol foods. A person can develop angina, or result in a heart attack. Foods we can eat to maintain a healthy body have carbohydrates low in total fat, non-dairy products, soy products, skinless chicken, fish e. g. salmon, cod, trout, and nuts. There are benefits to eating these types of foods. Eating these types will provide the body with the nutrients the body needs to stay healthy. Carbohydrates low in fat, reduce the amount of starch the body will absorb. These starches found in carbohydrates turn into certain sugars once it passes through the digestion track. Too much sugar in the body can be filtered into the blood. If there is a family history of diabetes, I would suggest being mindful of products purchased high in carbohydrate and sugars. This is why it is recommended to purchase products low in carbohydrates because as the body ages it unable to breakdown these products as effectively as it did when the body was younger. As the body ages, the body loses certain hormones that are not reproduced therefore compromising overall health. Sugars are measured with a glycemic index (GI). The glycemic index measures how fast carbohydrates are digested when it enters the bloodstream which raises the blood-sugar levels in the body. When foods with a low glycemic index enter the bloodstream the insulin trigger is slower contributing to a steadier blood sugar level. When foods have a higher glycemic index entering the blood stream quickly, it causes the insulin to respond more quickly resulting in large blood sugar swings. This is why it is so important to balance carbohydrates each meal since the effect of one food offsets the other, and all foods turn into sugars to fuel the body. Non-dairy products are recommended in practicing good choices for healthy eating. There are a couple of good reasons for purchasing non-dairy products. Non-dairy products are low fats. Non-dairy products provide the body with the benefit of getting some extra protein in the diet. An additional good product to include when making good quality choices for healthy eating is soy. There are many benefits for including soy in a daily diet routine. Soy is high in protein. Soy can be substituted for red meat. Soy comes in a variety of forms. Soymilk is a non-dairy product. Soy products can be purchased in hamburger, hot dog, sausage, bacon, buffalo wing and host of other forms. It is possible to find soy products in a grocery store. There are many different brand names to choose from. In some studies, soy has been known to reduce hot flashes in women during menopause. Soy products can be used with hormone replacement therapy. Skinless chicken is another product that is beneficial for healthy eating. Chicken also provides the body with protein. Removing the skin from the chicken is important for a couple of reasons. One reason for removing the skin is, so the body does not absorb all the fat that is stored in the skin. The fat from the skin contains and holds toxins that are not good for the body. These same fats produce starches and sugars in that could aid in blockages in the arteries over time. By simply removing the skin from the chicken that is one step forward in practicing good eating habits. Fish alone is good for the body. Fish has certain oils that aids in the production of a healthy heart alone with providing the body with good saturated fatty oils. If fish is not a favorite to eat, a supplement of fish oil caplets or pills can be included in a daily diet routine. Nuts are also an enormous source of nutrition with any diet plan. Nuts are an excellent source of protein, minerals and other nutrients found beneficial to the heart. According to the FDA in July, 2003, it is suggested that eating 1. 5 ounces of some nuts as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease. Six of the healthiest nuts to choose from are: walnuts that contain the antioxidant compound ellagic acid, which is known to fight cancer and support the immune system; almonds are rich in potassium, manganese, copper, the antioxidants vitamin E and selenium, and calcium. Just a quarter cup of almonds contains as much calcium as a quarter cup of milk. Cashews are lower in fat that other nuts and 90 % of the fat found in cashews is oleic acid, the heart-healthy fat found in olive oil. Eating three quarters a cup of pecans can help lower bad cholesterol (LDL) and help clear the arteries. Brazil nuts are rich in selenium which may help with breast cancer. Macadamia nuts are also a good source of protein, fiber, healthy monounsaturated fats, potassium and magnesium. These nuts are also shown to lower bad cholesterol (LDL) just as the pecans do. As with all daily routine diets, a good multivitamin is recommended. Even though this meal plan is a good choice for healthy eating, a multivitamin can be used in conjunction to maximize the benefits of healthy eating. There are a variety of multivitamins to choose from. Choose the multivitamin that best fits the body and lifestyle. Vitamins come in a host of categories. Vitamins can be purchased depending on the age of a person and other factors. For younger adults who are very active, a multivitamin choice may be a multivitamin with a higher percentage of B6 and B12 for energy. For older adults with a calcium deficiency a multivitamin high in calcium would be a good choice. Whatever the need, there is multivitamin suited for the body and all lifestyles. To ensure that the multivitamin being purchased is tailored for the body and lifestyle, check with a doctor or pharmacist for help in choosing a good multivitamin. Therefore, by following a basic guideline for healthy eating, the benefits of feeling better will be greater, and there will be fewer trips to the doctor’s office and a reduction in diseases and illnesses. A better quality of life can be enjoyed with a healthy diet and exercise. References Kemp, J (2001). Preventing and Healing heart disease. Healthy guide. org. Retrieved 01-07, 2009, from http://www. helpguide. org/life/healthy_eating_diet. htm Bray, G (1988). Partnership for a Healthy Management. Obesity Part 1 Pathogenesis, 149, Retrieved 01-07-2009, from http://www. consumer. gov/weightloss/bmi. htm Dorsey, J (2001). Diabetes diet and Nutrition. Healthy guide. org. Retrieved 01-07, 2009, from http://www. helpguide. org/life/healthy_eating_diet. htm. Segal, J (2001). Healthy Eating: Tips for a healthy diet. Healthy guide. org. Retrieved 01-07, 2009, from http://www. helpguide. org/life/healthy_eating_diet. htm Willett, W (1988). Eat. Drink, and be Healthy. Free Press/Simon & Schuster, Inc. , Retrieved 01-07-2009, from http://www. hsph. harvard. edu/nutritionsource/pyramids. htm Chordas, L. (Dec 2008). One life to live: employers extend retirees' wellness programs and benefits in order to trim rising health care costs. (Health/Employee Benefits: Wellness Programs). Best's Review, 109, 8. P. 48(4). Retrieved January 07, 2009, from General OneFile via Gale: http://find. galegroup. com/ips/start. o? prodId=IPS Stengler, M. (2008, November). Spotlight on diabetes. Alive: Canadian Journal of Health & Nutrition, Retrieved January 7, 2009, from Alt HealthWatch database. Wedro, B. C. (2009). Heart Disease. 2009 MedicineNet, Inc. Retrieved January 16, 2009, from http://www. medicinenet. com/heart_disease/article. htm Wells, K. & Odle, T(2005). Exercise. In Jacqueline Longe (Ed. ), Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Me dicine, Vol. 2(2nd ed. , pp. 722-726). Detroit: Gale. Retrieved January 07, 2009, from Gale Virtual Reference Library via Gale: http://find. galegroup. om/ips/start. do? prodId=IPS Active People Can Make Mistakes Too – In Their Diet That Is; American Council on Exercise (ACE) Lists Top Nutrition Mistakes Made by Active People. (Nov 9, 2004). PR Newswire, p. NA. Retrieved January 07, 2009, from General OneFile via Gale: http://find. galegroup. com/ips/start. do? prodId=IPS Ask Dr. Sears Family Nutrition/Sugar Retrieved on 1-25-2009 http://www. askdrsears. com/html/4/T045000. asp#T045005 Barrie – Advance,1 (2008, November 10) Healthy workplaces recognized Retrieved January 07, 2009, from Canadian Newsstand Torstar database. Document ID: 1592924671). Partnership for healthy weight management- Body mass index. Retrieved January 16, 2009, from Nursing Standard, 23(10), 17(2008) Upward mobility in the workplace encourages healthy lifestyles Retrieved January 7, 2009, from Ca reer and Technical Education database. (Document ID: 1599494081). Six wise. If You are Nuts About Health, Try the Top 6 Healthiest Nuts. Retrieved 01-25, 2009http://www. sixwise. com/newsletters/05/06/29/if_you_are_nuts_about_health_try_the_top_6_healthiest_nuts. htm